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- ■ NOBEL PRIZES, Page 71Quark Hunters
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- Going to the heart of matter
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- PHYSICS
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- The search for simplicity at the deepest levels of nature
- is one of the enduring themes of physics. Perhaps the greatest
- milestone in this quest has been the quark model of matter. In
- the early 1960s, theorists proposed that the scores of known
- subatomic particles were really composites, made up of just a
- handful of smaller particles. Even protons and neutrons, the
- major components of atomic nuclei, could be described as being
- made of these more fundamental objects, called quarks.
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- One physicist who laid the intellectual groundwork for this
- now mainstream theory, Caltech's Murray Gell-Mann, long ago won
- the Nobel Prize. But it was not until last week that the Royal
- Swedish Academy of Sciences honored the men who first detected
- the existence of quarks. Americans Jerome Friedman, 60, and
- Henry Kendall, 63, of M.I.T., and Richard Taylor, 60, a
- Canadian working at Stanford, share the physics award for
- discoveries made at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
- beginning in the late 1960s.
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- Their work closely paralleled the discovery of atomic
- nuclei. In 1910, Ernest Rutherford fired alpha particles
- (fragments of helium atoms) at targets of gold foil. Most
- passed through, but some bounced back, making it clear that
- there were dense concentrations of matter within the foil. In
- the Stanford experiments, electrons were fired at protons and
- neutrons. The way the electrons bounced off these particles
- showed that the latter were not uniformly dense but made up of
- tiny concentrations of matter -- the quarks.
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- Physicists now believe there are 18 kinds of quarks. That
- is not so simple, and so the search is on for even more basic
- objects. The machine most likely to find them is the giant
- superconducting supercollider, to be built in Texas. The
- controversial project will cost at least $8 billion, but the
- Nobel winners support it. Like the devices they used in their
- work, says Kendall, the SSC "represents the price of the
- restless curiosity of the human race to understand the physical
- universe we inhabit."
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